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The International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID) was a non-profit professional society that promoted intelligent design and rejected evolution.〔( Intelligent Design and Peer Review ) American Association for the Advancement of Science.〕 It sought to alter the scientific method to eliminate what it saw as its materialistic, naturalistic, reductionistic and atheistic underpinnings. The goal of the intelligent design movement the Society supports is to "reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions"〔(Wedge Strategy ) Discovery Institute, 1999.〕 and to "affirm the reality of God."〔Phillip E. Johnson, ''Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds'' (Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 91-92,〕 ISCID's views on evolution and the scientific method ran counter to the scientific consensus. Evolution is overwhelmingly endorsed within the scientific community〔"99.9 percent of scientists accept evolution" (Finding the Evolution in Medicine ) National Institutes of Health〕 while intelligent design has been rejected as unscientific.〔"for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience." (Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design ) David Mu. Harvard Science Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Fall 2005.〕 == Overview == The Society was launched on 6 December 2001. It was co-founded by William A. Dembski, Micah Sparacio and John Bracht. Dembski is its Executive Director. It had about sixty fellows.〔(ISCID Fellows )〕 Among them are leaders of the intelligent design movement and fellows of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of that movement, including Dembski, Michael Behe, Jonathan Wells, William Lane Craig, and Henry F. Schaefer.〔(Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture Fellows )〕 Other notable ISCID fellows include philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga and physics professor and theologian Frank J. Tipler. By the end of 2006, ISCID had registered about 2000 members. ISCID described itself as "a cross-disciplinary professional society that investigates complex systems apart from external programmatic constraints like materialism, naturalism, or reductionism. The society provided a forum for formulating, testing, and disseminating research on complex systems through critique, peer review, and publication. Its aim is to pursue the theoretical development, empirical application, and philosophical implications of information- and design-theoretic concepts for complex systems." Its tagline was "retraining the scientific imagination to see purpose in nature". ISCID maintained an online journal titled ''Progress in Complexity, Information and Design''. Articles were submitted through its website and could appear in the journal if they had been approved by one of the fellows.〔"Articles accepted to the journal must first be submitted to the ISCID archive. To be accepted into the archive, articles need to meet basic scholarly standards and be relevant to the study of complex systems. Once on the archive, articles passed on by at least one ISCID fellow will be accepted for publication." . . . "The editorial advisory board peer-reviews articles submitted to the society's journal and comprises the society fellows." (Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design )〕 This they argued was a form of peer review, though not the form typically practiced by journals, which Dembski believes "too often degenerates into a vehicle for censoring novel ideas that break with existing frameworks."〔William Dembski. ("Peer Review or Peer Censorship?" ) Dembski cites as justification for PCID's peer review policy ISCID fellow Frank Tipler's paper ("Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?" ), which argues that journalistic peer review did not become a widespread requirement for scientific respectability until after World War II, that many great ideas did not appear first in peer-reviewed journals, that outstanding physicists have complained that their best ideas were rejected by such journals, and that the refereeing process now works primarily to enforce orthodoxy.〕 ISCID also hosted an online forum called Brainstorms and maintains a copyrighted online user-written Internet encyclopedia called the ''ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy''. The society featured online chats with intelligent-design proponents and others sympathetic to the movement or interested in aspects of complex systems. Past chats included people such as Ray Kurzweil, David Chalmers, Stuart Kauffman, Christopher Michael Langan and Robert Wright. As of September 2008 the society's website stated that "ISCID is no longer being managed as an organization".〔(ISCID - Contact Information )〕 Its last "Society announcement" and last journal publication being in late 2005,〔(ISCID website )〕 no updates on its essay contests and moderated chats since 2004,〔(ISCID Essay Contests )〕〔(ISCID Chat Events )〕 and no conferences or workshops announced since 2003.〔(ISCID Conferences )〕〔(ISCID Workshops )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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